Lecture 2: Introduction to Python Programming, Part 1

Lecture 2: Introduction to Python Programming, Part 1#

Logistics check#

At this point it is time:

To know how to open class notebook in JupyterHub
Understand how to save Lab or Homework notebook to your computer
Understand how to upload Lab or Homework to Markus
Understand how to run tests on Markus

If you are not there yet, please make sure you get help during the lab/office hours or ask on Piazza

Context: Some things to remember#

Computer programming languages are actually for people, not for computers :)
To some extent, learning a new programming language is quite like learning a new (written) human language, but … easier
- Vocabulary is much, much smaller
- Syntax/Grammar are much simpler
- The main limitation is that the computer (of pre-GPT era) is much more limited in understanding and thus more strict
- The real barrier is understanding what you want to do and explaining that in a clear non self-contradictory way

Part of that is being able to explain the data and the task you are dealing with in a specific way so that you can use rich instruments provided by Python environment.

Learning objectives#

In this lecture, you will learn to:

Identify and describe values of different types in Python code
Perform simple computations on these values
Store values and the results of computations in variables
Run Python code and display results in a Jupyter notebook (like this one!)

Representing Data in Python: numbers#

Python can represent both integer and fractional numbers by writing them the same way you would in text:

-3.5

-3.5

`int` and `float`#

Python defines two data types to categorize numbers: int and float.

An int represents an integer like 3 or -4.

A float, short for floating point number, represents a fractional number like 3.5 or -4.5.

Arithmetic in Python#

We can combine numbers using basic arithmetic operations like +, -, *, and /:

10 + 20

10 - 20

-10

10 * 20

10 / 20

0.5

((10 + 20) * (5 - 2)) / 3.5

25.714285714285715

Exercise 1#

Suppose you go out to eat at a restaurant, and your before-tax total is $15.99.

Assuming there is a 13% tax and 15% tip (on the before-tax price), use Python to calculate the total amount that you pay.

# Write your Python code in the space below

Solution (only look at this after attempting the exercise!)

15.99 * (1 + 0.13 + 0.15)

20.4672

Rounding and the `round` function#

Python provides functions, which are named blocks of code that perform a specific computation.

The round function lets us round floats to a specific number of decimal places.

round(3.6789, 2)

3.68

Function terminology#

The expression round(3.6789, 2) is called a function call.

round is the name of the function
3.6789 and 2 are the inputs/arguments of the function
The value 3.68 is the output/return value of the function

Here are two other examples of Python functions:

abs(-4.3)

4.3

type(-4.3)

float

Comparisons and the `bool` data type#

We can compare numbers using the following comparison operators:

Operation	Description
`a == b`	Are `a` and `b` equal?
`a != b`	Are `a` and `b` not equal?
`a > b`	Is `a` greater than `b`?
`a < b`	Is `a` less than `b`?
`a >= b`	Is `a` greater than or equal to `b`?
`a <= b`	Is `a` less than or equal to `b`?

3 == 3

True

10 * 2 <= 3 * 6

False

Python displays True and False as a result of a comparison.

True and False are the two values of the bool data type, short for boolean.

Boolean values represent answers to Yes/No questions like:

Is this person a Canadian citizen?
Is this movie less than 2 hours long?
Is every student in this lecture paying attention right now?

Manipulating booleans#

We can perform three operations on booleans: not, and, or.

not b negates the value of b, so True becomes False and vice versa.

not True

False

a and b produces whether both a and b are True:

True and False

False

a or b evaluates to whether at least one of a and b are True:

True or False

True

(5 < 10) and (3 * 5 < 2 * 7)

False

Text data and the `str` data type#

str, short for string, is a type of data for representing text. A string is a sequence of characters, where each character could be:

English letters (a, b, c)
numeric digits (0, 1, 2, etc.)
letters and glyphs from languages other than English (e.g., ي, ξ, 你)
punctuation marks and symbols (such as the period (.) and at symbol @)
spaces
emojis (e.g., 😉, 🐧, 🏫)

In Python, we write strings by writing text surrounded by either single-quotes or double-quotes.

'Hello, world!'

'Hello, world!'

"You are cool"

'You are cool'

"You are 'cool'"

"You are 'cool'"

We can check whether two strings are equal:

"cool" == 'cool'

True

This comparison is case-sensitive:

"cool" == "COOL"

False

We can use a new operator, in, to check whether one string is contained inside another:

"cat" in "education"

True

We can concatenate strings together using the + operator:

"Hello" + "World!"

'HelloWorld!'

"Hello " + "World!"

'Hello World!'

We can access a specific character in the string by its position (or “index”) using square bracket notation.

Note: in Python, positions/indexes start at 0, not 1!

"Hello World!"[0]

'H'

"Hello World!"[0:5]

'Hello'

Finally, we can use the len function to compute the number of characters of a string:

len("Hello World!")

Exercise 2#

Write a Python expression to compute whether the word "hippopotamus" is longer than "elephant".

(The word “whether” signals that the output should be a boolean, i.e., either True or False.)

# Write your code in the space below

Solution (only look at this after attempting the exercise!)

len("hippopotamus") > len("elephant")

True

How about "hippopotamus" and "hippocampus"?

# Write your code in the space below

Summary of this part (use that at home to revise):#

We now know some Python data types, allowing us to represent our data:
- Numbers: int and float
- Logical (Boolean): bool
- Strings: str
We know that data helps us to explain to Python what we can do with data

Operation	Applied to type …	Results is of type …	Example
`len`	`str`	`int`	….
`<`, `>`	`int` or `float`		`5 > 7`
`and`, `not`, `or`		`bool`
…

Continue at home! Can some functions or operators be aplied to other types? dalek-experiment

Variables#

As our code gets more complex, we’ll use variables to keep track of our values.

A variable is a piece of code that refers to a value.

We create variables using code called an assignment statement, which looks like:

<variable> = <expression>

name = "Ilya"

When we evaluated the previous code cell, nothing was displayed! But the code did execute: what it did was tell Python to create a variable called name and make it refer to the value "Ilya".

We can then access the value of this variable:

name

'Ilya'

name + " is not an early bird"

'Ilya is not an early bird'

len(name)

sad_truth = name + " is not an early bird"

Jupyter notebooks let us write multiple statements in a single code cell. This lets us write one block of code where we define variables and use them in the same cell.

amount = 15.99
tax_rate = 0.13
tip_rate = 0.15

total_amount = amount * (1 + tax_rate + tip_rate)

round(total_amount)

Naming variables#

Even though Python lets us name variables whatever we want, it is important to pick meaningful variable names!

If you don’t, you might end up reading code that looks like this:

lol = 15.99
lmao = 0.13
x = 0.15

wtf = lol * (1 + lmao + x)

round(wtf)

Python follows two conventions for writing variable names:

make all letters lowercase (so amount, not Amount or AMOUNT)
separate words with underscores so (tax_rate, not tax rate or taxrate)

The `print` function#

Normally when we execute a notebook cell with multiple expressions/statements, only the value of the last one is displayed.

+ 4
+ 6
+ 8

We can use the built-in Python function print to display multiple values in the cell output.

print(3 + 4)
print(5 + 6)
print(7 + 8)

7
11
15

f-strings#

Suppose have have a student’s name and a course’ code, and want to compute a welcome message like "Hello Ilya, you are currently in GGR274!"

name = "Your Name"
course = "GGR274"

welcome_message = "Hello " + name + ", you are currently in " + course + "!"
welcome_message

'Hello Your Name, you are currently in GGR274!'

This is a bit ugly, so Python gives us a way of writing a string with single-/double-quotes, but marking certain parts as Python expressions that should be evaluated to build the string.

These are called f-strings (short for “formatted string literal”).

welcome_message2 = f"Hello {name}, you are currently in {course}!"
welcome_message2

'Hello Your Name, you are currently in GGR274!'

String Methods#

Strings are the most complex form of data we’ve studied so far, and there are a lot more operations we can perform on them beyond ==, in, and len.

Most of these operations are implemented as string methods.

A method is a function that is defined as part of a data type.

We refer to methods using “dot notation”: <type>.<method name>.

For example, str.upper is a string method that converts a string to ALL CAPS.

We can call the method by putting a string value to the left of the dot in Python code:

name = "yourname"

name.upper()

'YOURNAME'

Here are some common string methods you may find useful:

String method	Description
`str.upper()`	Convert the string to uppercase.
`str.lower()`	Convert the string to lowercase.
`str.count(other)`	Return the number of times `other` appears in the string.
`str.replace(old, new)`	Replace all occurrences of `old` with `new` in the string.
`str.split()`	Return a list of the words in the string, separating by spaces.

my_string = "I am cool"

my_string.replace("I am", "You are")

'You are cool'

Don’t forget to add examples to other methods!

dalek-experiment

`str.split` and the Python `list` data type#

my_string = "I am cool"

my_string.split()

['I', 'am', 'cool']

What exactly is ['I', 'am', 'cool']?

It contains strings, but is not one big string itself.

Let’s use the type() function to see what kind of value it is according to Python:

mystery_value = my_string.split()

type(mystery_value)

list

Okay! ['I', 'am', 'cool'] is a list.

In Python, list are used to store multiple values in a sequence (i.e., with a defined order).

List examples#

Python lists are very versatile, and can be used to store different kinds of values. We write lists by using square brackets: [...].

# A list of strings:
['I', 'am', 'cool']

['I', 'am', 'cool']

# A list of ints
[3, 5, 10000]

[3, 5, 10000]

# An *empty* list
[]

[]

List operations#

Lists support many of the same operations as strings, since both are “sequences”.

Lists can be compared using ==. Note: order matters!

[1, 2, 3] == [1, 2, 3]

True

[1, 2, 3] == [3, 2, 1]

False

We can compute the length of a list using the len function:

len(['I', 'am', 'cool'])

We can calculate the sum of a list of numbers using the sum function:

sum([10, 20, 30])

Exercise 3: Putting it all together#

Given the list of numbers defined in the variable my_numbers, do the following:

Calculate the length of the list (i.e., number of numbers in the list). Call this number my_len.
Calculate the sum of the numbers in the list. Call this number my_sum.
Calculate the average of the numbers in the list. Call this number my_avg.
Print out a message of the form "The average of my_numbers is {my_avg}", where {my_avg} is replaced by the average of the numbers.

my_numbers = [1, -4.5, 333, 274, -1000, 0]

# Write your code in the space below

Solution (only look at this cell after attempting the above exercise!)

my_numbers = [1, -4.5, 333, 274, -1000, 0]

# Write your code in the space below
my_len = len(my_numbers)
my_sum = sum(my_numbers)
my_avg = my_sum / my_len

print(f"The average of my_numbers is {my_avg}")

The average of my_numbers is -0.015132408575031526

Exercise 4:#

Experiment more!

dalek-experiment

Write down how much do you like the music of the following artists (let’s use -5 to +5 scale, -5 absolutely can’t stand, 0 - idk/neutral, +5 on repeat, actually listening right now)
- Drake, Tame Impala, Billie Eilish, The Weeknd, Taylor Swift
Write down the same for one of your friends or family members (or make up an imaginary friend)
Think how to answer based on this data:
- How enthusiastic about music you and your friend are?
- How would you approach comparing music tastes between two people?
Write down your idea first and then you can try to put it into code!

Learning objectives#

In this lecture, you learned to:

Identify and describe values of different types in Python code
- int, float, bool, str, list
Perform simple computations on these values
- arithmetic, comparisons, functions (e.g. round, abs), string methods (e.g. str.upper, str.split)
Store values and the results of computations in variables
- e.g. name = "Ilya"
Run Python code and display results in a Jupyter notebook (like this one!)

Lecture 2: Introduction to Python Programming, Part 1

Contents

Lecture 2: Introduction to Python Programming, Part 1#

Logistics check#

Context: Some things to remember#

Learning objectives#

Representing Data in Python: numbers#

int and float#

Arithmetic in Python#

Exercise 1#

Rounding and the round function#

Function terminology#

Comparisons and the bool data type#

Manipulating booleans#

Text data and the str data type#

Exercise 2#

Summary of this part (use that at home to revise):#

Variables#

Naming variables#

The print function#

f-strings#

String Methods#

str.split and the Python list data type#

List examples#

List operations#

Exercise 3: Putting it all together#

Exercise 4:#

Learning objectives#

`int` and `float`#

Rounding and the `round` function#

Comparisons and the `bool` data type#

Text data and the `str` data type#

The `print` function#

`str.split` and the Python `list` data type#